Controversies in point-of-care 3D printing for oncological and reconstructive surgery with free software in oral and maxillofacial surgery: European regulations, costs, and timeframe.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the controversies surrounding the most recent European regulations, as well as the cost, for a 3D printing workflow using free-source software in the context of a tertiary level university hospital in the Spanish public health system. Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) for head and neck oncological surgery with the printing of biomodels, cutting guides, and patient-specific implants has made it possible to simplify and make this type of highly complex surgery more predictable. This technology is not without drawbacks, such as increased costs and the lead times when planning with the biomedical industry. A review of the current European legislation and the literature on this subject was performed, and comparisons made with the authors' in-house 3D printing setup using free software and different 3D printers. The cost analysis revealed that for the cheapest setup with free software, it would be possible to amortize the investment from case 2, and in all cases the initial investment would be amortized before case 9. The timeframe ranged from 2 weeks with the biomedical industry to 72 h with point-of-care 3D printing. It is now possible to develop point-of-care 3D printing in any hospital with almost any budget.

Correlation between the main clinical, imaging, and arthroscopy findings in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

The purpose of this work was to prospectively correlate the most characteristic clinical symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, such as pain and limitation of mouth opening, with the findings of magnetic resonance imaging (disc position, degenerative changes, and effusion) and arthroscopy findings (roofing, synovitis, chondromalacia, adhesions, and perforations). These examinations were performed in 298 patients diagnosed with internal derangement refractory to conservative treatment. The mean age of the patients was 38.59 years; 92.6% were female. The t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to correlate the findings. Significant relationships were found between pain and disc displacement without reduction (P = 0.033) and effusion (P = 0.003) on MRI, coinciding with correlations between pain and roofing of 0-25% (P = 0.016) and synovitis (P = 0.001) on arthroscopy. A significant relationship was also observed between mouth opening limitation and the presence of osteoarthrosis (P = 0.018) on MRI, and between mouth opening limitation and synovitis (P = 0.022), chondromalacia (P = 0.002), and adhesions (P < 0.001) on arthroscopy. All of these findings were observed in patients with a poor initial clinical situation, which highlights the considerable potential of correlating these data with imaging and arthroscopy findings.

Hospitalizaciones por y con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en Galicia: 20 años de evolución / Hospitalizations due to and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Galicia: 20 years of evolution

Objetivo Analizar la evolución de las hospitalizaciones relacionadas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en Galicia en el período 1996-2018, tanto como causa principal del ingreso (POR EPOC) como si se codificaba en cualquier posición diagnóstica (CON EPOC), estudiando la influencia de la edad, el sexo, la estacionalidad u otras causas principales del ingreso. Metodología Se realizó un análisis del conjunto mínimo básico de datos (CMBD) de Galicia sobre el primer ingreso por EPOC entre 1996 y 2018. Se calcularon tasas brutas, específicas y estandarizadas tanto globales como por sexo y por grupos de edad. Resultados En el período 1996-2018 se produjeron en Galicia 310.883 primeros ingresos CON EPOC, de los que el 29,6% fueron POR EPOC. Las tasas de ingresos tanto CON EPOC como POR EPOC aumentaron, fundamentalmente en varones. Existe una clara estacionalidad de los ingresos, especialmente relevante POR EPOC. La razón de masculinidad media es aproximadamente 4 en ambos escenarios, si bien es inferior en los grupos etarios extremos, sin cambios a lo largo del tiempo. La edad media al ingreso ha aumentado tres años en este período en los varones; en las mujeres no hubo variaciones. Las causas principales del ingreso cuando no es POR EPOC son insuficiencia cardíaca y neumonía. Conclusión La evaluación combinada de los registros de ingresos hospitalarios CON y POR EPOC aporta información complementaria para un mejor conocimiento de las tendencias de esta enfermedad y establecer hipótesis que expliquen los resultados descritos, aportando información para una mejor planificación sanitaria (AU)

Objective This work aims to analyze the evolution of COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018 both as main cause of admission (DUE TO COPD) or when coded in any diagnostic order (WITH COPD), assessing the influence of age, sex, seasonality, and other main causes of the hospitalization. Methods An analysis was conducted of administrative healthcare database (CMBD) data on index COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018. Crude, specific, and standardized rates were calculated for the entire sample and according to age and sex groups. Results In the period from 1996 to 2018, there were 310,883 index admissions WITH COPD in Galicia, of which 29.6% were DUE TO COPD. Both WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD admission rates increased, mainly in men. There was a clear seasonality that was especially relevant in the DUE TO COPD group. The mean male-to-female ratio was approximately 4:1 in both groups, although it was lower in the extreme age groups, with no change over time. The mean age at admission increased three years in men during this period; there were no changes among women. The main causes of admission in those not hospitalized DUE TO COPD were heart failure and pneumonia. Conclusion The combined evaluation of records of hospital admissions WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD offers additional information for a better understanding of the trends of this disease and allows for establishing hypotheses that explain the results described, providing information for better healthcare planning (AU)

Hospitalizations due to and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Galicia: 20 years of evolution.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to analyze the evolution of COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018 both as main cause of admission (DUE TO COPD) or when coded in any diagnostic order (WITH COPD), assessing the influence of age, sex, seasonality, and other main causes of the hospitalization. METHODS: An analysis was conducted of administrative healthcare database (CMBD) data on index COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018. Crude, specific, and standardized rates were calculated for the entire sample and according to age and sex groups. RESULTS: In the period from 1996 to 2018, there were 310,883 index admissions WITH COPD in Galicia, of which 29.6% were DUE TO COPD. Both WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD admission rates increased, mainly in men. There was a clear seasonality that was especially relevant in the DUE TO COPD group. The mean male-to-female ratio was approximately 4:1 in both groups, although it was lower in the extreme age groups, with no change over time. The mean age at admission increased three years in men during this period; there were no changes among women. The main causes of admission in those not hospitalized DUE TO COPD were heart failure and pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The combined evaluation of records of hospital admissions WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD offers additional information for a better understanding of the trends of this disease and allows for establishing hypotheses that explain the results described, providing information for better healthcare planning.

Increase of Diversity of Mumps Virus Genotype G SH Variants Circulating Among a Highly Immunized Population: Spain, 2007-2019.

MuV caused three epidemic waves in Spain since genotype G emerged in 2005, despite high vaccination coverage. SH gene sequencing according to WHO protocols allowed the identification of seven relevant variants and 88 haplotypes. While the originally imported MuVi/Sheffield.GBR/1.05/-variant prevailed during the first two waves, it was subsequently replaced by other variants originated by either local evolution or importation, according to the additional analysis of hypervariable NCRs. The time of emergence of the MRCA of each MuV variant clade was concordant with the data of the earliest sequence. The analysis of Shannon entropy showed an accumulation of variability on six particular positions as the cause of the increase on the number of circulating SH variants. Consequently, SH gene sequencing needs to be complemented with other more variable markers for mumps surveillance immediately after the emergence of a new genotype, but the subsequent emergence of new SH variants turns it unnecessary.

Smart contact lens: A promising therapeutic tool in aniridia.

OBJECTIVE: The perform pre-clinical testing using optical design tools to simulate the optical quality of a smart artificial iris platform encapsulated in a scleral contact lens. These tools allow us to generate aniridia eye models and evaluate different metrics of visual quality and retinal illumination based on the aperture of the artificial iris based on liquid crystals. METHOD: The OCT imaging technique was used to measure the geometry of the anterior segment in a patient with aniridia and, from these data, the eye model was generated with the Zemax optical design program and specific programs developed in Matlab. Ocular aberrations were calculated and the visual function of the anirida eye model was evaluated in three scenarios: (i) without optical correction, (ii) with correction with a commercial scleral contact lens, and (iii) with correction with an optical lens. Intelligent contact based on artificial iris. RESULTS: Optical quality in patients with aniridia is limited by the magnitude of high-order aberrations. Conventional scleral contact lens design accurately corrects for blur but is unable to compensate for high-order ocular aberrations, especially spherical aberrations. The artificial iris-based smart contact lens design enables virtually all high-order aberrations to be compensated with active control of the pupillary diameter (activation of liquid crystal cells based on ambient lighting). In addition to minimizing high-order aberrations, reducing the pupil size would increase the depth of focus. CONCLUSIONS: This article demonstrates by means of optical simulations the concept of an intelligent artificial iris platform encapsulated in a scleral contact lens and its possible application in patients with aniridia. Furthermore, it allows us to anticipate possible visual results in clinical trials with healthy patients (after application of mydriatic agents) and in patients with aniridia. The results demonstrate a better visual quality and a decrease in retinal illumination.

Smart contact lens: a promising therapeutic tool in aniridia. / Lente de contacto inteligente: una prometedora herramienta terapéutica en aniridia.

OBJECTIVE: To perform pre-clinical testing using optical design tools to simulate the optical quality of a smart artificial iris platform encapsulated in a scleral contact lens. These tools allow us to generate aniridia eye models and evaluate different metrics of visual quality and retinal illumination based on the aperture of the artificial iris based on liquid crystals. METHOD: The OCT imaging technique was used to measure the geometry of the anterior segment in a patient with aniridia and, from these data, the eye model was generated with the Zemax optical design program and specific programs developed in Matlab. Ocular aberrations were calculated and the visual function of the anirida eye model was evaluated in three scenarios: (i) without optical correction, (ii) with correction with a commercial scleral contact lens, and (iii) with correction with an optical lens. intelligent contact based on artificial iris. RESULTS: Optical quality in patients with aniridia is limited by the magnitude of high-order aberrations. Conventional scleral contact lens design accurately corrects for blur but is unable to compensate for high-order ocular aberrations, especially spherical aberrations. The artificial iris-based smart contact lens design enables virtually all high-order aberrations to be compensated with active control of the pupillary diameter (activation of liquid crystal cells based on ambient lighting). In addition to minimizing high-order aberrations, reducing the pupil size would increase the depth of focus. CONCLUSIONS: This article demonstrates by means of optical simulations the concept of an intelligent artificial iris platform encapsulated in a scleral contact lens and its possible application in patients with aniridia. Furthermore, it allows us to anticipate possible visual results in clinical trials with healthy patients (after application of mydriatic agents) and in patients with aniridia. The results demonstrate a better visual quality and a decrease in retinal illumination.

Tratamiento de las afecciones palpebrales en la obra de Escribonio Largo / Treatment of eyelid pathologies in the works of Scribonius Largus

No disponible

Cirugía de los anejos oculares en la obra de Galeno / Ocular adnexa surgery in Galen's Works

No disponible

La cirugía ocular en el Corpus hippocraticum / Ocular surgery in Hippocratic corpus

No disponible

Casuística de anafilaxia en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital terciario / Casuistry of anaphylaxis in pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La anafilaxia es una reacción alérgica multisistémica grave, de instauración rápida, potencialmente mortal, que puede afectar a niños y jóvenes. OBJETIVOS: Describir las características de pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados de anafilaxia en Urgencias del Hospital Universitario de León. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de casos diagnosticados de anafilaxia en el Servicio de Urgencias mediante un análisis clínico y epidemiológico. RESULTADOS: 29 pacientes, un 0,075% de las Urgencias. El 65% eran niños. Edad media 5,54 años (2,8 DE). Un 40% tenían diagnóstico previo de alergia, siendo la alergia a proteínas de leche de vaca la más frecuente (35%), seguido de los frutos secos (17%). El 69% presentaron dos o más de los siguientes síntomas: cutáneos, edema de mucosas, dificultad respiratoria, clínica digestiva. El otro 31% presentaban únicamente síntomas cutáneos acompañados de dificultad respiratoria. Ninguno había recibido adrenalina autoinyectable en sus domicilios a pesar de que un 27% de los niños había tenido un episodio previo de anafilaxia y tenían adrenalina autoinyectable. En el Servicio de Urgencias, 27 de los 29 pacientes recibieron adrenalina intramuscular, a una dosis de 0,01 mg/kg, excepto un paciente que recibió el doble. El 45% precisaron ingreso, un 15% en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de la anafilaxia es baja. La clínica más prevalente son los síntomas cutáneos y respiratorios. Un número importante eran alérgicos previamente diagnosticados y otros habían tenido un episodio previo de anafilaxia, sin embargo a ninguno se le había administrado adrenalina autoinyectable domiciliaria

INTRODUCTION: Anaphylaxis is a severe, rapidly onset, life-threatening and multisystemic allergic reaction that can affect children and young people.Objectives. To describe the characteristics of pediatric patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital of León. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study of diagnosed cases of anaphylaxis in the emergency department was carried out through a clinical and epidemiological analysis. RESULTS: 29 patients, 0.075% of the emergencies. 65% were children. Average age 5.54 years (2.8 SD). 40% had a previous diagnosis of allergy, cow's milk proteins the most frequent allergy (35%), followed by nuts (17%). 70% presented two or more of the following symptoms: skin, mucosal edema, respiratory distress, digestive symptoms. The other 30% had only skin symptoms accompanied by respiratory distress. None had received auto-injectable adrenaline at home, despite the fact that 27% of the children had had a previous episode of anaphylaxis and had auto-injectable adrenaline available. In the emergency department, 27 of the 29 patients received intramuscular epinephrine at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg, one patient received double the dose. 45% required hospitalization, 15% were placed in the Intensive Care Unit.Conclusions. The prevalence of anaphylaxis is low. The most prevalent symptoms are cutaneous and respiratory symptoms. A significant number of patients were previously diagnosed with allergies and others had had a previous episode of anaphylaxis, however none had received auto-injectable adrenaline at home

Lesiones oftálmicas en La Ilíada de Homero / Ophthalmic injuries in The Iliad of Homer

No disponible

Los milagrosos tratamientos oftalmológicos de la medicina asclepíada / Miraculous treatments of eye diseases in the asclepiad medicine

No disponible

Revisión del diagnóstico de mano catastrófica a lo largo de 15 años en un hospital terciario: ¿hacemos un uso adecuado del término? / Review of catastrophic hand diagnosis over 15 years in a tertiary hospital: do we make proper use of the term?

Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes diagnosticados de «mano catastrófica» por el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica en un hospital de tercer nivel en el periodo comprendido entre 2000 y 2015; analizar la evolución del uso del término «mano catastrófica», y realizar una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de proponer la definición más óptima de dicha expresión. Material y método: Realizamos un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de «mano catastrófica» que requirieron atención hospitalaria por el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica de un hospital terciario en el periodo comprendido entre 2000 y 2015. Efectuamos una revisión bibliográfica acerca del uso del término «mano catastrófica» y aplicamos a nuestros resultados las clasificaciones propuestas en las publicaciones consultadas. Resultados: El número de diagnósticos de «mano catastrófica» fue de 133. Objetivamos una tendencia descendente en el empleo del mencionado término con el transcurso de los años. Aplicando clasificaciones basadas en la imposibilidad de recuperación de una mano aceptable (presencia de 3 dedos largos y pulgar) mediante procedimientos reconstructivos, tan solo 9 de 133 pacientes podían ser considerados «manos catastróficas», constituyendo un 6,7% del total de casos. Discusión: El término «mano catastrófica» posee diferentes acepciones, generando ambigüedad. El uso de una clasificación basada en la posibilidad de obtener una mano aceptable disminuye su utilización y mejora el abordaje de dichas lesiones. Conclusión: Abogamos por limitar el uso de «mano catastrófica» a los casos que cumplan criterios de «mano mutilada» y «mano metacarpiana» para evitar su uso indiscriminado y optimizar su manejo terapéutico

Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with 'catastrophic hand' by the plastic surgery department in a tertiary hospital in the period between 2000-2015, analyse the evolution of the use of the term 'catastrophic hand' and conduct a review of the literature with a view to proposing the optimal definition for said expression. Material and method: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with 'catastrophic hand' who required hospital care by the plastic surgery department of a tertiary hospital in the period between 2000-2015. We conducted a literature review on the use of the term 'catastrophic hand' and we applied the classifications proposed in the publications consulted to our results. Results: The number of 'catastrophic hand' diagnoses was 133. We observed a downward trend in the use of the term over the years. Applying classifications based on the impossibility of recovery of an acceptable hand (presence of three long fingers and thumb) by reconstructive procedures, only 9 out of 133 patients could be considered to have 'catastrophic hands', constituting 6.7% of the total cases. Discussion: The term 'catastrophic hand' has different meanings, and this generates ambiguity. The use of a classification based on the possibility of obtaining an acceptable hand diminishes its use and improves the approach for such injuries. Conclusion: We advocate limiting the use of 'catastrophic hand' to cases that meet criteria of 'mutilated hand' and 'metacarpal hand' to avoid indiscriminate use of the term and optimise therapeutic management

Review of catastrophic hand diagnosis over 15 years in a tertiary hospital: do we make proper use of the term? / Revisión del diagnóstico de mano catastrófica a lo largo de 15 años en un hospital terciario: ¿hacemos un uso adecuado del término?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with 'catastrophic hand' by the plastic surgery department in a tertiary hospital in the period between 2000-2015, analyse the evolution of the use of the term 'catastrophic hand' and conduct a review of the literature with a view to proposing the optimal definition for said expression. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with 'catastrophic hand' who required hospital care by the plastic surgery department of a tertiary hospital in the period between 2000-2015. We conducted a literature review on the use of the term 'catastrophic hand' and we applied the classifications proposed in the publications consulted to our results. RESULTS: The number of 'catastrophic hand' diagnoses was 133. We observed a downward trend in the use of the term over the years. Applying classifications based on the impossibility of recovery of an acceptable hand (presence of three long fingers and thumb) by reconstructive procedures, only 9 out of 133 patients could be considered to have 'catastrophic hands', constituting 6.7% of the total cases. DISCUSSION: The term 'catastrophic hand' has different meanings, and this generates ambiguity. The use of a classification based on the possibility of obtaining an acceptable hand diminishes its use and improves the approach for such injuries. CONCLUSION: We advocate limiting the use of 'catastrophic hand' to cases that meet criteria of 'mutilated hand' and 'metacarpal hand' to avoid indiscriminate use of the term and optimise therapeutic management.